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a. The Revolution of 1918 and the establishment of the Republic

After four years of war, Germany was facing military defeat on the battlefields in France, and starvation and revolution at home. This is not what Germans had expected; they had been promised victory in 1914. Thus, the new government which was established had to deal with a population which has been ravaged by four years of war, and was dismayed by the country"s defeat; many also were unhappy with the new government...

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